Katarak

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Definisi

Katarak

Specialty

Ophthalmology, Optometry

Gejala

Penglihatan menurun, silau, sulit membaca, melihat dobel.

Komplikasi

Kebutaan

Perjalanan penyakit

Perlahan

Penyebab

Penuaan, trauma,  Paparan Radiasi, Riwayat operasi sebelumnya

A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision.[1][2] Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes.[1] Symptoms may include faded colors, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.[1] This may result in trouble driving, reading, or recognizing faces.[3] Poor vision caused by cataracts may also result in an increased risk of falling and depression.[4] Cataracts cause half of all cases of blindness and 33% of visual impairment worldwide.[5][6]

Cataracts are most commonly due to aging but may also occur due to trauma or radiation exposure, be present from birth, or occur following eye surgery for other problems.[1][7] Risk factors include diabetes, longstanding use of corticosteroid medication, smoking tobacco, prolonged exposure to sunlight, and alcohol.[1] The underlying mechanism involves accumulation of clumps of protein or yellow-brown pigment in the lens that reduces transmission of light to the retina at the back of the eye.[1] Diagnosis is by an eye examination.[1]

Prevention includes wearing sunglasses and a wide brimmed hat, eating leafy vegetables and fruits, and avoiding smoking.[1][8] Early on the symptoms may be improved with glasses.[1] If this does not help, surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens is the only effective treatment.[1] Cataract surgery is not readily available in many countries, and surgery is needed only if the cataracts are causing problems and generally results in an improved quality of life.[1][9][7][10]

About 20 million people worldwide are blind due to cataracts.[7] It is the cause of approximately 5% of blindness in the United States and nearly 60% of blindness in parts of Africa and South America.[10] Blindness from cataracts occurs in about 10 to 40 per 100,000 children in the developing world, and 1 to 4 per 100,000 children in the developed world.[2] Cataracts become more common with age.[1] In the United States, cataracts occur in 68% of those over the age of 80 years.[11] Additionally they are more common in women, and less common in Hispanic and Black people.[11]

Tanda dan Gejala

An example of normal vision versus vision with cataracts.

Tanda dan Gejala.[12]

Berikut adalah beberapa tanda dan gejala katarak:

Penglihatan berkabut: Penglihatan yang berkabut adalah gejala paling umum dari katarak. Orang yang mengalami katarak seringkali merasa bahwa penglihatan mereka menjadi kabur atau berkabut, terutama saat melihat objek yang jauh. Hal ini terjadi karena lensa mengalami hidrasi. [15]

Sensitivitas terhadap cahaya: Orang yang mengalami katarak mungkin juga merasa sensitif terhadap cahaya. Mereka mungkin kesulitan melihat dengan jelas saat berada di tempat yang terang atau terkena sinar matahari langsung.

Warna yang tampak pudar: Orang yang mengalami katarak mungkin juga mengalami perubahan pada penglihatan warna. Warna yang biasanya terlihat cerah dan tajam dapat terlihat pudar atau tidak jelas.

Penglihatan ganda: Orang yang mengalami katarak dapat mengalami penglihatan ganda atau melihat bayangan objek.

Kesulitan melihat di malam hari: Orang yang mengalami katarak mungkin juga mengalami kesulitan melihat di malam hari atau dalam kondisi pencahayaan yang redup.

Kehilangan penglihatan: Jika katarak tidak diobati, kondisi ini dapat menyebabkan kehilangan penglihatan yang permanen.

Katarak kongenital [14}dapat menyebabkan ambliopia jika tidak segera menjalankan tindakan operasi untuk mengganti lensa yang keruh. [13]

Jika Anda mengalami salah satu atau lebih dari gejala ini, segeralah berkonsultasi dengan dokter mata untuk mendapatkan diagnosis dan pengobatan yang tepat. Perawatan katarak meliputi operasi pengangkatan lensa yang kabur dan penggantian dengan lensa buatan. Semakin cepat katarak dideteksi, semakin baik peluang untuk memperbaiki penglihatan dan mencegah kehilangan penglihatan yang permanen.

Penyebab dan faktor risiko

Bilateral cataracts in an infant due to congenital rubella syndrome

Penyebab

Usia

Katarak sering terjadi pada orang yang lebih tua karena proses penuaan. [1] Seiring bertambahnya usia, lensa mata dapat menjadi lebih padat, kering, dan kurang fleksibel, sehingga lebih rentan terhadap kerusakan. Protein lensa mengalami denaturasi / perubahan sejalan dengan usia. [4]

Faktor lingkungan sepanjang menjalani kehidupan juga mempengaruhi kejernihan lensa, seperti radiasi ultraviolet dan proses oksidasi. [16]

Katarak senilis dikaitkan dengan menurunkan kemampuan antioksidan didalam mata, sehingga lensa tidak dapat mengatasi oxidative stress dan menyebabkan lensa menjadi keruh. [17]

Trauma Mata

Gambar katarak traumatik padapasien usia 60 tahun.

Trauma pada mata bisa memicu katarak. Cedera pada mata bisa merusak lensa mata dan memicu katarak. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk melindungi mata dari cedera dengan menggunakan kacamata pelindung saat bekerja atau bermain olahraga.

Blunt trauma causes swelling, thickening, and whitening of the lens fibers. While the swelling normally resolves with time, the white color may remain. In severe blunt trauma, or in injuries that penetrate the eye, the capsule in which the lens sits can be damaged. This damage allows fluid from other parts of the eye to rapidly enter the lens leading to swelling and then whitening, obstructing light from reaching the retina at the back of the eye. Cataracts may develop in 0.7 to 8.0% of cases following electrical injuries.[18] Blunt trauma can also result in star- (stellate) or petal-shaped cataracts.[19]

Diabetes

Diabetes juga dapat memicu katarak. Peningkatan kadar gula darah yang tinggi dapat memicu penggumpalan protein pada lensa mata. Oleh karena itu, orang dengan diabetes harus memperhatikan kadar gula darah mereka dan mempertahankan kontrol gula darah yang baik untuk mencegah katarak.

 

Konsumsi Alkohol dan Rokok

Kebiasaan merokok dan konsumsi alkohol juga dapat memicu katarak. Zat-zat kimia yang terkandung dalam rokok dan alkohol dapat merusak lensa mata dan memicu pembentukan katarak.

 

Radiasi Ultraviolet

Paparan sinar ultraviolet dari matahari dapat memicu pembentukan katarak. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk menggunakan kacamata hitam atau topi dengan tepi lebar untuk melindungi mata dari paparan sinar ultraviolet yang berlebihan.

Cataracts can arise as an effect of exposure to various types of radiation. X-rays, one form of ionizing radiation, may damage the DNA of lens cells.[20] Ultraviolet light, specifically UVB, has also been shown to cause cataracts, and some evidence indicates sunglasses worn at an early age can slow its development in later life.[21] Microwaves, a type of nonionizing radiation, may cause harm by denaturing protective enzymes (e.g., glutathione peroxidase), by oxidizing protein thiol groups (causing protein aggregation), or by damaging lens cells via thermoelastic expansion.[20] The protein coagulation caused by electric and heat injuries whitens the lens.[16] This same process is what makes the clear albumen of an egg become white and opaque during cooking.[citation needed]

 

Genetik

Christmas tree cataract (diffuse illumination)

The genetic component is strong in the development of cataracts,[22] most commonly through mechanisms that protect and maintain the lens. The presence of cataracts in childhood or early life can occasionally be due to a particular syndrome. Examples of chromosome abnormalities associated with cataracts include 1q21.1 deletion syndrome, cri-du-chat syndrome, Down syndrome, Patau's syndrome, trisomy 18 (Edward's syndrome), and Turner's syndrome, and in the case of neurofibromatosis type 2, juvenile cataract on one or both sides may be noted. Examples of single-gene disorder include Alport's syndrome, Conradi's syndrome, cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis, myotonic dystrophy, and oculocerebrorenal syndrome or Lowe syndrome.[citation needed]

 

Penyakit kulit

The skin and the lens have the same embryological origin and so can be affected by similar diseases.[23] Those with atopic dermatitis and eczema occasionally develop shield ulcer cataracts. Ichthyosis is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cuneiform cataracts and nuclear sclerosis. Basal-cell nevus and pemphigus have similar associations.

 

Merokok dan minuman alkohol

Cigarette smoking has been shown to double the rate of nuclear sclerotic cataracts and triple the rate of posterior subcapsular cataracts.[24] Evidence is conflicting over the effect of alcohol. Some surveys have shown a link, but others which followed people over longer terms have not.[25]

 

Inadequate vitamin C

Low vitamin C intake and serum levels have been associated with greater cataract rates.[26] However, use of supplements of vitamin C has not demonstrated benefit.[27]

 

Riwayat penggunaan obat

Some medications, such as systemic, topical, or inhaled corticosteroids, may increase the risk of cataract development.[28][29] Corticosteroids most commonly cause posterior subcapsular cataracts.[29] People with schizophrenia often have risk factors for lens opacities (such as diabetes, hypertension, and poor nutrition) but antipsychotic medications are unlikely to contribute to cataract formation.[30] Miotics[31] and triparanol may increase the risk.[32]

 

Riwayat operasi mata

Nearly every person who undergoes a vitrectomy—without ever having had cataract surgery—will experience progression of nuclear sclerosis after the operation.[33] This may be because the native vitreous humor is different from the solutions used to replace the vitreous (vitreous substitutes), such as BSS Plus.[34] This may also be because the native vitreous humour contains ascorbic acid which helps neutralize oxidative damage to the lens and because conventional vitreous substitutes do not contain ascorbic acid.[35][36] Accordingly, for phakic patients requiring a vitrectomy it is becoming increasingly common for ophthalmologists to offer the vitrectomy combined with prophylactic cataract surgery to prevent cataract formation.

 

Penyakit lainnya

  • Metabolic and nutritional diseases
    • Aminoaciduria or Lowe's syndrome
    • Cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis
    • Diabetes mellitus
    • Fabry's disease
    • Galactosemia / galactosemic cataract
    • Homocystinuria
    • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Hypoparathyroidism
    • Hypervitaminosis D
    • Hypothyroidism
    • Hypocalcaemia
    • Mucopolysaccharidoses
    • Wilson's disease
  • Congenital
    • Congenital syphilis
    • Cytomegalic inclusion disease
    • Rubella
    • Cockayne syndrome
  • Genetic syndromes
    • Down syndrome
    • Patau syndrome
    • Edwards syndrome
  • Infections:
    • Cysticercosis
    • Leprosy
    • Onchocerciasis
    • Toxoplasmosis
    • Varicella
  • Secondary to other eye diseases:
    • Retinopathy of prematurity
    • Aniridia
    • Uveitis
    • Retinal detachment
    • Retinitis pigmentosa

Pengobatan

Pengobatan Non-bedah untuk Katarak

Pengobatan non-bedah dapat membantu memperlambat perkembangan katarak dan mengurangi gejala. Namun, tidak ada pengobatan non-bedah yang dapat menyembuhkan katarak sepenuhnya.

Pengobatan non-bedah untuk katarak dapat meliputi perubahan gaya hidup seperti menghindari paparan sinar matahari berlebihan dan merokok. Beberapa orang juga dapat memperbaiki penglihatan mereka dengan menggunakan kacamata atau lensa kontak.

Namun, ada beberapa jenis suplemen dan vitamin yang dapat membantu mencegah atau mengurangi perkembangan katarak, seperti vitamin C dan E, beta-karoten, dan selenium. Namun, sebaiknya berkonsultasi dengan dokter sebelum mengonsumsi suplemen atau vitamin apa pun.

 

Operasi Katarak

 

Jika katarak mempengaruhi kualitas hidup seseorang secara signifikan, operasi katarak mungkin menjadi pilihan terbaik untuk mengembalikan penglihatan yang normal. Operasi katarak melibatkan pengangkatan lensa mata yang keruh dan penggantian dengan lensa buatan.

 

Prosedur operasi katarak biasanya dilakukan dalam waktu kurang dari satu jam dengan anestesi lokal dan pasien biasanya dapat pulang pada hari yang sama. Pemulihan setelah operasi katarak dapat memakan waktu beberapa minggu, tetapi pasien biasanya dapat kembali beraktivitas

ECCE

Operasi ini mengeluarkan lensa yang keruh secara manual tanpa bantuan mesin sehingga luka sayatan cukup lebar, yaitu sepanjang 5-7 mm.

Fakoemulsifikasi

Mesin fakoemulsifikasi digunakan untuk menghancurkan lensa sehingga luka sayatan menjadi lebih kecil, sekitar 2-3 mm dan pemulihanmenjadi lebih cepat.

Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery (FLACS)

Teknologi mutakhir yang digunakan untuk membuat sayatan serta fragmentasi lensa yang keruh dengan bantuan mesin laser.

 

 

References

  1. "Facts About Cataract". September 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  2. Pandey SK (2005). Pediatric cataract surgery techniques, complications, and management. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 20. ISBN 978-0781743075. Archived from the original on 2015-05-24.
  3. Allen D, Vasavada A (July 2006). "Cataract and surgery for cataract". BMJ. 333 (7559): 128–132. doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7559.128. PMC 1502210. PMID 16840470.
  4. Gimbel HV, Dardzhikova AA (January 2011). "Consequences of waiting for cataract surgery". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 22 (1): 28–30. doi:10.1097/icu.0b013e328341425d. PMID 21076306. S2CID 205670956.
  5. "Visual impairment and blindness Fact Sheet N°282". August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 23 May 201
  6. Global Data on Visual Impairments 2010 (PDF). WHO. 2012. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-03-31.
  7. "Priority eye diseases". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  8. "Recognizing Cataracts". NIH News in Health. 2017-05-30. Retrieved 2020-02-02. Try wearing sunglasses or a hat with a brim. Researchers also believe that good nutrition can help reduce the risk of age-related cataract. They recommend eating plenty of green leafy vegetables, fruits, nuts and other healthy foods.
  9. Lamoureux EL, Fenwick E, Pesudovs K, Tan D (January 2011). "The impact of cataract surgery on quality of life". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 22 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414284. PMID 21088580. S2CID 22760161.
  10. Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A (January 2011). "The global burden of cataract". Current Opinion in Ophthalmology. 22 (1): 4–9. doi:10.1097/icu.0b013e3283414fc8. PMID 21107260. S2CID 205670997.
  11. "Cataract Data and Statistics | National Eye Institute". www.nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
  12. "Posterior Supcapsular Cataract". Digital Reference of Ophthalmology. Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology of Columbia University. 2003. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  13. Mohammadpour M, Shaabani A, Sahraian A, Momenaei B, Tayebi F, Bayat R, Mirshahi R (June 2019). "Updates on managements of pediatric cataract". Journal of Current Ophthalmology. 31 (2): 118–126. doi:10.1016/j.joco.2018.11.005. PMC 6611931. PMID 31317088.

Tag: Kebutaan Lensa Keruh Cataract Katarak Senilis